全文获取类型
收费全文 | 423篇 |
免费 | 15篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 4篇 |
大气科学 | 40篇 |
地球物理 | 106篇 |
地质学 | 151篇 |
海洋学 | 64篇 |
天文学 | 33篇 |
自然地理 | 41篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 6篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 9篇 |
2011年 | 26篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 25篇 |
2008年 | 28篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 15篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 15篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 16篇 |
2001年 | 6篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 10篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
1934年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有439条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
421.
Seth W. Bigelow Michael J. Papaik Caroline Caum Malcolm P. North 《Climatic change》2014,123(2):215-224
Large trees (>76 cm breast-height diameter) are vital components of Sierra Nevada/Cascades mixed-conifer ecosystems because of their fire resistance, ability to sequester large amounts of carbon, and role as preferred habitat for sensitive species such as the California spotted owl. To investigate the likely performance of large trees in a rapidly changing climate, we analyzed growth rings of five conifer species against 20th century climate trends from local weather stations. Over the local station period of record, there were no temporal trends in precipitation, but maximum temperatures increased by 0.10 to 0.13 °C/decade (summer and autumn), and minimum temperatures increased by 0.11 to 0.19 °C/decade in all seasons. All species responded positively to precipitation, but more variation was explained by a significant positive response to minimum winter temperatures. High maximum summer temperature adversely affected growth of two species, and maximum spring temperatures in the year prior to ring formation were negatively associated with growth of one species. The strong coherent response to increasing minimum temperatures bodes well for growth of large trees in Sierra/Cascades region mixed conifer forest under continued climatic warming, but these trees will still be under threat by the increased fire intensity that is a indirect effect of warming. 相似文献
422.
The role of horizontal resolution in simulating drivers of the global hydrological cycle 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marie-Estelle Demory Pier Luigi Vidale Malcolm J. Roberts Paul Berrisford Jane Strachan Reinhard Schiemann Matthew S. Mizielinski 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):2201-2225
The role of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) horizontal resolution in representing the global energy budget and hydrological cycle is assessed, with the aim of improving the understanding of model uncertainties in simulating the hydrological cycle. We use two AGCMs from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre: HadGEM1-A at resolutions ranging from 270 to 60 km, and HadGEM3-A ranging from 135 to 25 km. The models exhibit a stable hydrological cycle, although too intense compared to reanalyses and observations. This over-intensity is explained by excess surface shortwave radiation, a common error in general circulation models (GCMs). This result is insensitive to resolution. However, as resolution is increased, precipitation decreases over the ocean and increases over the land. This is associated with an increase in atmospheric moisture transport from ocean to land, which changes the partitioning of moisture fluxes that contribute to precipitation over land from less local to more non-local moisture sources. The results start to converge at 60-km resolution, which underlines the excessive reliance of the mean hydrological cycle on physical parametrization (local unresolved processes) versus model dynamics (large-scale resolved processes) in coarser HadGEM1 and HadGEM3 GCMs. This finding may be valid for other GCMs, showing the necessity to analyze other chains of GCMs that may become available in the future with such a range of horizontal resolutions. Our finding supports the hypothesis that heterogeneity in model parametrization is one of the underlying causes of model disagreement in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exercises. 相似文献
423.
Abstract An investigation is made of the evolution of small-scale, axisymmetric vortices in a stratified fluid with spatially variable Coriolis parameter. The criteria for smadness are a horizontal scale less than or equal to the first internal radius of deformation and a vertical scale less than or equal to that of the ambient stratification. These circumstances match those of Sub-mesoscale, Coherent Vortices frequently observed in the oceans. The dynamical model is the balance equations, which include various effects of finite Rossby number. The principal topics are the regime of nearly uniform propagation, the development of an equilibrium ratio of vertical and horizontal scales (i.e., Burger number selection), and the occurrence of various types of instability for vortices with extremes in amplitude or shape. 相似文献
424.
A holistic study of the composition of the basalt groundwaters of the Atherton Tablelands region in Queensland, Australia
was undertaken to elucidate possible mechanisms for the evolution of these very low salinity, silica- and bicarbonate-rich
groundwaters. It is proposed that aluminosilicate mineral weathering is the major contributing process to the overall composition
of the basalt groundwaters. The groundwaters approach equilibrium with respect to the primary minerals with increasing pH
and are mostly in equilibrium with the major secondary minerals (kaolinite and smectite), and other secondary phases such
as goethite, hematite, and gibbsite, which are common accessory minerals in the Atherton basalts. The mineralogy of the basalt
rocks, which has been examined using X-ray diffraction and whole rock geochemistry methods, supports the proposed model for
the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters: precipitation + CO2 (atmospheric + soil) + pyroxene + feldspars + olivine yields H4SiO4, HCO3
−, Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ + kaolinite and smectite clays + amorphous or crystalline silica + accessory minerals (hematite, goethite, gibbsite, carbonates,
zeolites, and pyrite). The variations in the mineralogical content of these basalts also provide insights into the controls
on groundwater storage and movement in this aquifer system. The fresh and weathered vesicular basalts are considered to be
important in terms of zones of groundwater occurrence, while the fractures in the massive basalt are important pathways for
groundwater movement. 相似文献
425.
Malcolm B. Hart 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2012,123(4):551-555
While some authors view biodiversity as an integral part of an over-arching geodiversity, most would see them as separate constructs. If that is the case, then the life–death interface marks the critical boundary between those that study organisms in life and the palaeontologists who try to interpret fossils in terms of their palaeobiology. The interface between life and the fossil record is characterised by the processes of taphonomy and, when fossils are collected, care must be taken to ensure that vital taphonomic information is not lost. This does not appear to be highlighted in the various fossil collecting codes and the avoidance of the loss of taphonomic information during collection should be a key feature of collecting policies and geoconservation in general. 相似文献
426.
Malcolm Luxton 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):497-504
Tangaroellus porosus, gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from three coastal localities in New Zealand. Its affinities with the family Rhodacaridae are discussed. 相似文献
427.
Malcolm E. Forster 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):85-90
Patterns of ventilation, oxygen consumption (VO2), blood gas tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) and pH were determined in shortfin eels (Anguilla australis schmidtii (Phillips)). At rest, shortfin eels (average weight 646.5 ± 64.5 g) had a VO2 of 20.4 ± 1.2 ml. kg‐1.h‐1 (n = 13) at 17.5 ± 0.2°c, with smaller fish having the highest metabolic rates. The frequency of ventilation was inversely proportional to body weight in both A. australis schmidtii and A. dieffenbachii. In air‐saturated water 10 eels exhibited periodic apnoea (mean duration 3.59 min); periods of ventilation were more variable in duration (mean 4.92 min). After 2.62 min of apnoea, the PaO2 of dorsal aortic blood had fallen from 9.12 to 1.91 kPa. Thus, although the blood has a high affinity for oxygen and the haemoglobins are 30% oxygen‐saturated at this low PaO2, the eel allows its blood to be significantly depleted in oxygen during apnoeic pauses at rest. When ventilating its gills at rest, PaO2 does not approach the PO2 of the inspired water. It is suggested that these features of respiration in eels result in a saving of metabolic costs involved in ventilation. The results are discussed in terms of the eel's ability to withstand hypoxic conditions. 相似文献
428.
Tsuyoshi Iizuka Malcolm T. McCulloch Tsuyoshi Komiya Takazo Shibuya Kenji Ohta Haruka Ozawa Emiko Sugimura Kenneth D. Collerson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,160(6):803-823
Mt. Narryer and Jack Hills meta-sedimentary rocks in the Narryer Gneiss Complex of the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia are
of particular importance because they yield Hadean detrital zircons. To better understand the tectonothermal history and provenance
of these ancient sediments, we have integrated backscattered scanning electron images, in situ U–Pb isotopic and geochemical
data for monazites from the meta-sediments. The data indicate multiple periods of metamorphic monazite growth in the Mt. Narryer
meta-sediments during tectonothermal events, including metamorphism at ~3.3–3.2 and 2.7–2.6 Ga. These results set a new minimum
age of 3.2 Ga for deposition of the Mt. Narryer sediments, previously constrained between 3.28 and ~2.7 Ga. Despite the significant
metamorphic monazite growth, a relatively high proportion of detrital monazite survives in a Fe- and Mn-rich sample. This
is likely because the high Fe and Mn bulk composition resulted in the efficient shielding of early formed monazite by garnet.
In the Jack Hills meta-sediments, metamorphic monazite growth was minor, suggesting the absence of high-grade metamorphism
in the sequence. The detrital monazites provide evidence for the derivation of Mt. Narryer sediments from ca. 3.6 and 3.3 Ga
granites, likely corresponding to Meeberrie and Dugel granitic gneisses in the Narryer Gneiss Complex. No monazites older
than 3.65 Ga have been identified, implying either that the source rocks of >3.65 Ga detrital zircons in the sediments contained
little monazite, or that >3.65 Ga detrital minerals had experienced significant metamorphic events or prolonged sedimentary
recycling, resulting in the complete dissolution or recrystallization of monazite. 相似文献
429.
Wind Modulation of Dissolved Oxygen in Chesapeake Bay 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Malcolm E. Scully 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(5):1164-1175
A numerical circulation model with a simplified dissolved oxygen module is used to examine the importance of wind-driven ventilation
of hypoxic waters in Chesapeake Bay. The model demonstrates that the interaction between wind-driven lateral circulation and
enhanced vertical mixing over shoal regions is the dominant mechanism for providing oxygen to hypoxic sub-pycnocline waters.
The effectiveness of this mechanism is strongly influenced by the direction of the wind forcing. Winds from the south are
most effective at supplying oxygen to hypoxic regions, and winds from the west are shown to be least effective. Simple numerical
simulations demonstrate that the volume of hypoxia in the bay is nearly 2.5 times bigger when the mean wind is from the southwest
as compared to the southeast. These results provide support for a recent analysis that suggests much of the long-term variability
of hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay can be explained by variations in the summertime wind direction. 相似文献
430.
Michelle L. Coombs John C. Eichelberger Malcolm J. Rutherford 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,140(1):99-118
Between 1953 and 1974, approximately 0.5 km3 of andesite and dacite erupted from a new vent on the southwest flank of Trident volcano in Katmai National Park, Alaska,
forming an edifice now known as Southwest (or New) Trident. Field, analytical, and experimental evidence shows that the eruption
commenced soon after mixing of dacite and andesite magmas at shallow crustal levels. Four lava flows (58.3–65.5 wt% SiO2) are the dominant products of the eruption; these contain discrete andesitic enclaves (55.8–58.9 wt% SiO2) as well as micro- and macro-scale compositional banding. Tephra from the eruption spans the same compositional range as
lava flows; however, andesite scoria (56–58.1 wt% SiO2) is more abundant relative to dacite tephra, and is the explosively erupted counterpart to andesite enclaves. Fe–Ti oxide
pairs from andesite scoria show a limited temperature range, clustered around 1000 °C. Temperatures from grains found in dacite
lavas possess a wider range; however, cores from large (>100 μm) magnetite and coexisting ilmenite give temperatures of ∼890 °C,
taken to represent a pre-mixing temperature for the dacite. Water contents from dacite phenocryst melt inclusions and phase
equilibria experiments on the andesite imply that the two magmas last resided at a water pressure of 90 MPa, and contained
∼3.5 wt% H2O, equivalent to 3 km depth if saturated. Unzoned pyroxene and sodic plagioclase in the dacite suggest that it likely underwent
significant crystallization at this depth; highly resorbed anorthitic plagioclase from the andesite suggests that it originated
at greater depths and underwent relatively rapid ascent until it reached 3 km, mixed with dacite, and erupted. Diffusion profiles
in phenocrysts suggest that mixing preceded eruption of earliest lava by approximately one month. The lack of a compositional
gap in the erupted rock suite indicates that thorough mixing of the andesite and dacite occurred quickly, via disaggregation
of enclaves, phenocryst transfer from one magma to another, and direct mixing of compositionally distinct melt phases.
Received: 22 September 1999 / Accepted: 4 April 2000 相似文献